Journal: Nature Communications
Article Title: Co-occurrence of diverse defense systems shapes complex microbe-virus relationships in deep-sea cold seeps
doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-68174-6
Figure Lengend Snippet: a Types and proportions of verified defense systems and candidate defense systems in cold seep microbial genomes, including their primary mechanisms of action and corresponding system counts. “DS” denotes defense systems and “num” represents the total count. “Type num” refers to the number of distinct defense system types within each mechanism category. b Plaque assays demonstrating phage infection of Escherichia coli B (ATCC ® 11303™) transformed with plasmids carrying various candidate defense systems or an empty vector (control) using a small volume drop method. The bacteria described above were mixed in the molten agar matrix and ten-fold serial dilutions of phages T7, T5, and T4 were spotted onto bacterial lawns. All the assays are repeated at least 3 times with similar results. Predicted protein domains of the tested systems are shown on the right. Detailed data on annotated defense systems are provided in Supplementary Data – .
Article Snippet: Recombinant vectors containing these candidate systems were transformed into the host strain E. coli B (ATCC ® 11303TM), which naturally lacks these systems.
Techniques: Infection, Transformation Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Bacteria